[转]如何创建第三方驱动盘
[原]简述udev的自定义规则
Aug
5
[原]有关arp_ignore 与arp_announce 参数的设置 
原文：
引用
arp_announce - INTEGER
Define different restriction levels for announcing the local
source IP address from IP packets in ARP requests sent on
interface:
0 - (default) Use any local address, configured on any interface
1 - Try to avoid local addresses that are not in the target's
subnet for this interface. This mode is useful when target
hosts reachable via this interface require the source IP
address in ARP requests to be part of their logical network
configured on the receiving interface. When we generate the
request we will check all our subnets that include the
target IP and will preserve the source address if it is from
such subnet. If there is no such subnet we select source
address according to the rules for level 2.
2 - Always use the best local address for this target.
In this mode we ignore the source address in the IP packet
and try to select local address that we prefer for talks with
the target host. Such local address is selected by looking
for primary IP addresses on all our subnets on the outgoing
interface that include the target IP address. If no suitable
local address is found we select the first local address
we have on the outgoing interface or on all other interfaces,
with the hope we will receive reply for our request and
even sometimes no matter the source IP address we announce.
The max value from conf/{all,interface}/arp_announce is used.
Increasing the restriction level gives more chance for
receiving answer from the resolved target while decreasing
the level announces more valid sender's information.
arp_ignore - INTEGER
Define different modes for sending replies in response to
received ARP requests that resolve local target IP addresses:
0 - (default): reply for any local target IP address, configured
on any interface
1 - reply only if the target IP address is local address
configured on the incoming interface
2 - reply only if the target IP address is local address
configured on the incoming interface and both with the
sender's IP address are part from same subnet on this interface
3 - do not reply for local addresses configured with scope host,
only resolutions for global and link addresses are replied
4-7 - reserved
8 - do not reply for all local addresses
The max value from conf/{all,interface}/arp_ignore is used
when ARP request is received on the {interface}
Define different restriction levels for announcing the local
source IP address from IP packets in ARP requests sent on
interface:
0 - (default) Use any local address, configured on any interface
1 - Try to avoid local addresses that are not in the target's
subnet for this interface. This mode is useful when target
hosts reachable via this interface require the source IP
address in ARP requests to be part of their logical network
configured on the receiving interface. When we generate the
request we will check all our subnets that include the
target IP and will preserve the source address if it is from
such subnet. If there is no such subnet we select source
address according to the rules for level 2.
2 - Always use the best local address for this target.
In this mode we ignore the source address in the IP packet
and try to select local address that we prefer for talks with
the target host. Such local address is selected by looking
for primary IP addresses on all our subnets on the outgoing
interface that include the target IP address. If no suitable
local address is found we select the first local address
we have on the outgoing interface or on all other interfaces,
with the hope we will receive reply for our request and
even sometimes no matter the source IP address we announce.
The max value from conf/{all,interface}/arp_announce is used.
Increasing the restriction level gives more chance for
receiving answer from the resolved target while decreasing
the level announces more valid sender's information.
arp_ignore - INTEGER
Define different modes for sending replies in response to
received ARP requests that resolve local target IP addresses:
0 - (default): reply for any local target IP address, configured
on any interface
1 - reply only if the target IP address is local address
configured on the incoming interface
2 - reply only if the target IP address is local address
configured on the incoming interface and both with the
sender's IP address are part from same subnet on this interface
3 - do not reply for local addresses configured with scope host,
only resolutions for global and link addresses are replied
4-7 - reserved
8 - do not reply for all local addresses
The max value from conf/{all,interface}/arp_ignore is used
when ARP request is received on the {interface}
转载一份翻译：
引用
arp_announce : INTEGER
默认为0
对网络接口上本地IP地址发出的ARP回应作出相应级别的限制:
确定不同程度的限制,宣布对来自本地源IP地址发出Arp请求的接口
0 - (默认) 在任意网络接口上的任何本地地址
1 -尽量避免不在该网络接口子网段的本地地址. 当发起ARP请求的源IP地址是被设置应该经由路由达到此网络接口的时候很有用.此时会检查来访IP是否为所有接口上的子网段内ip之一.如果改来访IP不属于各个网络接口上的子网段内,那么将采用级别2的方式来进行处理.
2 - 对查询目标使用最适当的本地地址.在此模式下将忽略这个IP数据包的源地址并尝试选择与能与该地址通信的本地地址.首要是选择所有的网络接口的子网中外出访问子网中包含该目标IP地址的本地地址. 如果没有合适的地址被发现,将选择当前的发送网络接口或其他的有可能接受到该ARP回应的网络接口来进行发送
all/ 和{interface}/ 下两者同时比较，取较大一个值生效.
默认为0
对网络接口上本地IP地址发出的ARP回应作出相应级别的限制:
确定不同程度的限制,宣布对来自本地源IP地址发出Arp请求的接口
0 - (默认) 在任意网络接口上的任何本地地址
1 -尽量避免不在该网络接口子网段的本地地址. 当发起ARP请求的源IP地址是被设置应该经由路由达到此网络接口的时候很有用.此时会检查来访IP是否为所有接口上的子网段内ip之一.如果改来访IP不属于各个网络接口上的子网段内,那么将采用级别2的方式来进行处理.
2 - 对查询目标使用最适当的本地地址.在此模式下将忽略这个IP数据包的源地址并尝试选择与能与该地址通信的本地地址.首要是选择所有的网络接口的子网中外出访问子网中包含该目标IP地址的本地地址. 如果没有合适的地址被发现,将选择当前的发送网络接口或其他的有可能接受到该ARP回应的网络接口来进行发送
all/ 和{interface}/ 下两者同时比较，取较大一个值生效.
说明：
Assume that a linux box X has three interfaces – eth0, eth1 and eth2. Each interface has an IP address IP0, IP1 and IP2. When a local application tries to send an IP packet with IP0 through the eth2.
Unfortunately, the target node’s mac address is not resolved. The linux box X will send the ARP request to know the mac address of the target(or the gateway). In this case what is the IP source address of the “ARP request message”? The IP0- the IP source address of the transmitting IP or IP2 – the outgoing interface?
Until now(actually just 3 hours before) ARP request uses the IP address assigned to the outgoing interface(IP2 in the above example) However the linux’s behavior is a little bit different. Actually the selection of source address in ARP request is totally configurable by the proc variable “arp_announce”
If we want to use the IP2 not the IP0 in the ARP request, we should change the value to 1 or 2. The default value is 0 – allow IP0 is used for ARP request.
其实就是路由器的问题，因为路由器一般是动态学习ARP包的（一般动态配置DHCP的话），当内网的机器要发送一个到外部的ip包，那么它就会请求路由器的Mac地址，发送一个arp请求，这个arp请求里面包括了自己的ip地址和Mac地址，而linux默认是使用ip的源ip地址作为arp里面的源ip地址，而不是使用发送设备上面的 ，这样在lvs这样的架构下，所有发送包都是同一个VIP地址，那么arp请求就会包括VIP地址和设备Mac，而路由器收到这个arp请求就会更新自己的arp缓存，这样就会造成ip欺骗了，VIP被抢夺，所以就会有问题。
arp缓存为什么会更新了，什么时候会更新呢，为了减少arp请求的次数，当主机接收到询问自己的arp请求的时候，就会把源ip和源Mac放入自己的arp表里面，方便接下来的通讯。如果收到不是询问自己的包（arp是广播的，所有人都收到），就会丢掉，这样不会造成arp表里面无用数据太多导致有用的记录被删除。
What happens when a host receives an ARP request packet?
The ARP request is received and processed by all the hosts in the network, since it is a broadcast packet. The following steps are carried out when a ARP request packet is received by a host:
If the IP address to be resolved is for this host, then the ARP module sends an ARP reply packet with its Ethernet MAC address.
If the IP address to be resolved is for this host, then the ARP module updates its ARP cache with the source Ethernet MAC address to source IP address mapping present in the ARP request packet. If the entry is already present in the cache, it is overwritten. If it is not present, it is added.
If the IP address to be resolved is not for this host, then the ARP module discards the ARP request packet.
Will a host update its ARP cache upon receiving any ARP request?
A host will update its ARP cache, only if the ARP request is for its IP address. Otherwise, it will discard the ARP request.
What is the disadvantage if a host updates its ARP cache upon receiving any ARP request?
The host will exhaust the ARP cache with a lot of unused ARP entries, if it updates the ARP cache for any ARP request.
引用
arp_ignore : INTEGER
默认为0
定义对目标地址为本地IP的ARP询问不同的应答模式
0 - (默认值): 回应任何网络接口上对任何本地IP地址的arp查询请求（比如eth0=192.168.0.1/24,eth1=10.1.1.1/24,那么即使eth0收到来自10.1.1.2这样地址发起的对10.1.1.1 的arp查询也会回应--而原本这个请求该是出现在eth1上，也该有eth1回应的）
1 - 回应任何网络接口上对任何本地IP地址的arp查询请求
2 - 仅当目标IP地址是当前收到ARP请求的interface上配置的本地IP时，才回应。
3 - 仅当目标IP地址是当前收到ARP请求的interface上配置的本地IP, 且发送者IP地址在这个interface的同子网内时，才回应。
4-7 - 保留未使用
8 - 不回应所有本地地址。
all/ 和{interface}/ 下两者同时比较，取较大一个值生效.
默认为0
定义对目标地址为本地IP的ARP询问不同的应答模式
0 - (默认值): 回应任何网络接口上对任何本地IP地址的arp查询请求（比如eth0=192.168.0.1/24,eth1=10.1.1.1/24,那么即使eth0收到来自10.1.1.2这样地址发起的对10.1.1.1 的arp查询也会回应--而原本这个请求该是出现在eth1上，也该有eth1回应的）
1 - 回应任何网络接口上对任何本地IP地址的arp查询请求
2 - 仅当目标IP地址是当前收到ARP请求的interface上配置的本地IP时，才回应。
3 - 仅当目标IP地址是当前收到ARP请求的interface上配置的本地IP, 且发送者IP地址在这个interface的同子网内时，才回应。
4-7 - 保留未使用
8 - 不回应所有本地地址。
all/ 和{interface}/ 下两者同时比较，取较大一个值生效.
也就是说，arp_ignore 设置为1时，当别人的arp请求过来的时候，如果接收的设备上面没有这个ip，就不响应。而默认值是0，意味着只要这台机器上任何一个设备上面有这个ip，就响应arp请求，并发送mac地址应答。
三、参考文档
/usr/share/doc/kernel-doc-2.6.18/Documentation/networking/ip-sysctl.txt
lvs之arp_announce/arp_ignore sysctl
arp_ignore和arp_announce内核参数
arp_announce 和 arp_ignore
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